The Commentary on the Apocalypse was originally a Mozabaric eighth-century work by the Spanish monk and theologian Beatus of Liébana. At the Jelling stones, a lion is intertwined with a snake and a Scandinavian interpretation of the Crucifixion features interlace and Jelling style elements. When she’s not visiting museums and historical sites, she’s riding horses or reading about Vikings. This art form reached its apex in the early 10th century, with Muiredach’s Cross at Monasterboice and the Ahenny High Cross. Painters experimented with representative art, playing with perspective, relative sizes, lines, and minimalism. This reconstruction shows the blank arcading that was common in Anglo-Saxon architecture. Apparently missing, however, is the apse. Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages, in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families, centers of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions, and bases for missions and proselytizing. The theories of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism made an impression on Chinese styles throughout the Middle Ages. $10.38. These sources were mixed with the vigorous “Barbarian” artistic culture of Northern Europe to produce a remarkable artistic legacy. Baptistery of Saint-Sauveur : Although mostly reconstructed, the interior of the baptistery reveals the influence of Roman architecture on Merovingian architects. The Book of Kells‘s decoration combines traditional Christian iconography with the ornate swirling motifs typical of Insular art. : Blocked Anglo-Saxon round-arched window at Fobbing Parish Church. The decoration of the book is famous for combining intricate detail with bold and energetic compositions . Book of Kells: Folio 27v: Folio 27v contains the symbols of the Four Evangelists (clockwise from top left): a man (Matthew), a lion (Mark), an eagle (John), and an ox (Luke). Free shipping . Another boar’s head, DENO-92C3BB, is damaged from being broken off a larger piece however the gold and garnets still shine. The Middle Ages of the European world covers approximately 1,000 years of art history in Europe, and at times extended into the Middle East and North Africa. Compare elements of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic art. Created by Artist Phil Hansen. The original building has probably undergone a number of alterations but preserves in its decoration (marble capitals) a strong Merovingian character. Objects recovered from the Gokstad and Oseberg ship burials both display Jelling style decoration, including the “spiral hip” which joins the animal’s limbs to its body. With a capital in Toledo, the Visigoths developed decorative arts and jewelry to high standards producing works like the Recceswinth Crown now housed at the Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid. However, notice the elaborate geometric and stylized ornamentation in the arcade that highlights the Insular aesthetic. Despite the wide range of media, the use of valuable and precious materials is a constant in medieval art. The period known as the Middle Ages extends from the fourth to the end of the fourteenth century, or from the disintegration of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the Renaissance in western Europe. Thank you for supporting our website! Unlike Europe’s many changes and variations throughout the medieval period, Chinese artists and patrons were highly aware of their heritage and traditional motifs. New techniques employed were filigree and chip-carving, while new motifs included interlace patterns and animal ornamentation. The Early Middle Ages is generally dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 CE) to approximately 1000, which marks the beginning of the Romanesque period. The text is accompanied by many full-page miniatures, while smaller painted decorations appear throughout the text in unprecedented quantities. Medieval & Early Christian jewelry, Icons, Illuminations, seals, glass, weapons, Romanesque art, Gothic art, Frankish art, Ostrogoth art, Anglo-Saxon art, Slavic art, Viking art, Chi Rho symbols, Christian liturgical items, stamp seals and Crosses The Evangelists are placed in a grid and enclosed in an arcade, as is common in the Mediterranean tradition. Despite a considerable number of other finds, the discovery of the ship burial at Sutton Hoo transformed the history of Anglo-Saxon art, showing a level of sophistication and quality that was wholly unexpected at this date. Some recent courses include: The Eighteenth-Century British Novel and Its Popular Contexts (Gwilliam). $11.69. Early medieval art in Europe is an amalgamation of the artistic heritage of the Roman Empire, the early Christian church, and the “barbarian” artistic culture of Northern Europe. A different mixture is seen in the opening from the Stockholm Codex Aureus, where the evangelist portrait reflects an adaptation of classical Italian style, while the text page is mainly in Insular style, especially the first line with its vigorous Celtic spirals and interlace. There are no Roman precedents for this Frankish innovation. Early medieval art: c. 500-800 C.E. An illuminated manuscript contains text supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders (marginalia), and miniature illustrations. This will also allow our fans to get more involved in what content we do produce. In the fifth century C.E., people from tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes left their homelands in northern Europe to look for a new home. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 14000. Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the fourth and eighth centuries. In architecture, the Visigoths brought and adapted many Roman elements. A Premier Gallery of Medieval Art and Early Christian art and antiquities including lamps, jewelry, pottery, bronze,. The art of Byzantium was some of the most diverse of the Middle Ages with influences from Greece, Roman Italy, Asia Minor, Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Christianity. Merovingian architecture often continued the Roman basilica tradition, but also adopted influences from as far away as Syria and Armenia. Most of the surviving churches are built on a basilica plan and those survivors contain finely carved capitals and doorways. The Book of Kells (Irish: Leabhar Cheanannais), created by Celtic monks in 800, is an illustrated manuscript considered the pinnacle of Insular art. A viewing hole in the floor reveals the bases of the porticoes of the Roman forum under the baptistery. Charlemagne actively imitated Roman Imperial traditions and styles, including his efforts to foster and encourage creative centers of artistic production. The hallmarks of Carolingian art involve motifs from Roman, Celtic, and Nordic art traditions. One surviving church is Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains at Metz, originally built as a Roman gymnasium in the late fourth century and reappropriated into a church in the mid-eighth century. These works reflect strong regional preferences and talents since it wasn’t until the 16th century Mughal Empire that royal patronage of the arts flourished. Sutton Hoo Purse Lid: This ornamental purse lid covered a lost leather pouch, hung from a waist belt. Cells of garnet or red glass framed by gold are common in high-value pieces of jewelry, belt strap fittings, harness fixtures, sword belt fittings, and other decorative metalwork. Beatus of Liébana. Anglo-Saxon art represents a curious transition phase as Christianity was being established throughout Britain in the 5-8th centuries. However, the pigments for the illustrations, which included red and yellow ochre , green copper pigment (sometimes called verdigris), indigo , and lapis lazuli , were very costly and precious. The votive crowns are a unique type of artifact; they would be hung above a Christian altar as a sort of sacrifice to the church. The architectural character of Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical buildings range from influence from Celtic and Early Christian styles. India in the Middle Ages hosted a series of dynastic rulers who led the changes in politics, economy, religion, societal structure, and art. By contrast , St. Jean at Poitiers has the form of a rectangle flanked by three apses. Insular art is characterized by detailed geometric designs, interlace, Anglo-Saxon illuminated manuscripts, such as the. Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains: This church in Metz, France bears common hallmarks of a Roman basilica, including the round arches and tripartite division into nave (center) and aisles (left and right of the nave), a division visible from the exterior of the building. The building was originally built in 380 CE as a gymnasium (a European type of school) for a Roman spa complex. Visigothic art was a cultural style dominant in Spain and Portugal in the early Middle Ages. Artists would often represent key religious figures such as Jesus Christ or the Virgin Mary to represent their … The bench on which John sits does not recede realistically into the space behind him. But in Scotland and the western parts of Britain, versions of the La Tène style remained in use until it became an important component of the Insular style that developed to meet the needs of newly Christian populations. In the Gothic era, the Madonna and Child are more naturalistic with tall, bony figures. The historical significance of the Commentary is even more pronounced since it included a world map, offering a rare insight into the geographical understanding of the post-Roman world. The works that remain in large numbers include sculpture, illuminated manuscripts, stained glass, metalwork, and mosaics, all of which have had a higher survival rate than fresco wall-paintings and works in precious metals or textiles such as tapestries. : From Beatus Apocalypse. Celtic art in the medieval period was produced by the people of Ireland and parts of Britain over the course of 700 years. Often referred to simply as the Beatus, it is used today to reference any of the extant manuscript copies of this work, especially any of the 26 illuminated copies that have survived. Anglo-Saxon secular buildings in Britain were generally simple, constructed mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. At least fifty churches of Anglo-Saxon origin display the culture’s major architectural features, although in some cases these aspects are small and significantly altered. Classicism and the Early Middle Ages. Charlemagne’s Palatine Chapel at Aachen (consecrated 805 CE). A good amount of material is preserved in buildings and alternative structures like caves. Early medieval art in Europe is an amalgamation of the artistic heritage of the Roman Empire, the early Christian church, and the “barbarian” artistic culture of Northern Europe. Cover of the Codex Aureus: Gold and gem-encrusted cover of the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, 870. The structure bears common hallmarks of a Roman basilica, including the round arches and tripartite division into nave (center) and aisles (left and right of the nave), a division visible from the exterior of the building. One of its more recognizable features is the dome over a square in an adaptation of a basilica plan as seen in the Hagia Sophia and multiple surviving churches in Armenia and Syria. Beatus World Map: The world map from the Saint-Sever Beatus, measuring 37 x 57 cm. Conveying complex stories took precedence over producing naturalistic imagery , leading to a shift toward stylized and abstracted figures for most of the Early Middle Ages. “Medieval art” applies to various media , including sculpture, illuminated manuscripts , tapestries , stained glass, metalwork , and mosaics . The technique of allowing decoration the right to roam was later influential on Romanesque and Gothic art. The interlace patterns that are typical of Celtic art were in fact introduced to Insular art from the Mediterranean and Migration artistic traditions. An Illusion of Reality. According to scholars, the church had 120 marble columns , towers at the east end, and several mosaics . The blending of Roman, Greek, and Eastern iconography into Christian scenes is what makes Byzantine art so distinctive. An 8th-century interlaced … Chinese art represents one of the most cohesive cultural traditions in the world. La Tène is a highly stylized curvilinear art based mainly on classical vegetable and foliage motifs such as leafy palmette forms, vines, tendrils, and lotus flowers together with spirals, S-scrolls, lyre , and trumpet shapes. Insular manuscripts sometimes take a whole page for a single initial or the first few words at beginnings of gospels. Become a member to get ad-free access to our website and our articles. Nature was a prominent theme, and Chinese artists constantly explore the connection between nature and humanity. Typically, Celtic art is ornamental, avoiding straight lines, only occasionally using symmetry, and often involving complex symbolism. Part of the Treasure of Guarrazar. The decoration of the first eight pages of the canon tables is heavily influenced by early Gospel Books from the Mediterranean, where it was traditional to enclose the tables within an arcade . The history of medieval art can be seen as an ongoing interplay between the elements of classical, early Christian, and “barbarian” art. The Alfred Jewel is an excellent example of this; it combines a Christian image (likely Christ) on a delicate example of Anglo-Saxon gold filigree in the shape of a boar’s head. Baptistery at Saint-Léonce of Fréjus: The Baptistery at the cathedral at Saint-Léonce of Fréjus reflects the Syrian and Armenian influences on early Merovingian architecture (demonstrated by the cupola on pillars). Most illuminated manuscripts of the Early Middle Ages had lavish book covers decked with precious metal, ivory, and jewels. This is the currently selected item. Only the octagonal baptismal pool and the lower part of the walls remain from that period. The Middle Ages was a time period that lasted from the 5th century to the end of the 15th century in Europe. ISBN: 0192842439. Almost all known Carolingian art is small, decorative, and private except in the case of architecture. They were the main and sometimes only regional outposts of education and literacy. Anglo-Saxon illuminated manuscripts form a significant part of Insular art and reflect a combination of influences from the Celtic styles that arose when the Anglo-Saxons encountered Irish missionary activity. Distinct styles emerged from workshops in Aachen, Metz, Reims, Corbie, Tours, and Saint-Denis. Merovingian architecture often continued the Roman basilica tradition, but also adopted influences from as far away as Syria and Armenia. By the late eighth century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. Population decline, relocations to the countryside, invasion, and migration began in Late Antiquity and continued in the Early Middle Ages. An illuminated manuscript features text supplemented by elaborate decoration. PAS-5D5B56 is a stunning gilded boar’s head with cabochon garnets for eyes, complete with fine details like beaded wire and the original rivets to attach it to the front of a finely crafted helmet. On the other hand, St. Jean at Poitiers is very different from the Baptistery at Saint-Leonce of Fréjus, as it has the form of a rectangle flanked by three apses . Human forms such as the Madonna and Baby Jesus evolve from large heads on small bodies in Early Christianity to abstract forms in the Romanesque era. Name the three elements that blend to make early Medieval art. Figures of humans, animals, and mythical beasts, together with Celtic knots and interlacing patterns in vibrant colors, enliven the manuscript’s pages. In carvings, fragmentary illuminations, and statuary we can see glimpses, however the mosaics are truly the most illustrative of this creative movement of the early Middle Ages. The wall-covering mosaics at Sant’Apollinaire Nuovo likely resembles the wall mosaics constructed by Justinian in the early 6th century in the Great Palace of Constantinople, and represents the Byzantine trends in elaborate decoration only on the inside of a church. Alejandra Lopez-Godreau Wins Best Make-Up in the State of Florida! Deriving from the Latin word for island (insula), Insular art is characterized by detailed geometric designs, interlace, and stylized animal decoration spread boldly across illuminated manuscripts. Artists were commissioned for works featuring Biblical tales and classical themes for churches, while interiors were elaboratel… As literacy declined and printed material became available only to monks and nuns who copied illuminated manuscripts, art became the primary method of communicating narratives (usually of a Biblical nature) to the masses . It features a combination of (Hispano) Visigothic, and Islamic art styles, as in the Beatus manuscripts , which combine Insular art illumination forms with Arabic-influenced geometric designs. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions. Facts about medieval art cover the classify of of art that attempted by art historians, namely the early Christian and late antique art, Byzantine art, migration period through christanisation, insular art, Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque art, and Gothic art as well as many other periods within these central styles. There are plenty of ways to analyze 900 years of medieval art, including examining decorations inside churches. The History and Philosophy of Education, V1: Ancient and Medieval by Hardcover B. Mozarabic art refers to art of Mozarabs, Iberian Christians living in Al-Andalus who adopted Arab customs without converting to Islam during the Islamic invasion of the Iberian peninsula. Anglo-Saxon metalwork initially used the Germanic Animal Style decoration that would be expected from recent immigrants, but gradually developed a distinctive Anglo-Saxon character. It remains uncertain whether some of the most notable objects found from the La Tène period were made in Ireland or elsewhere (as far away as Egypt in some cases). The stones were possibly installed by Harald Bluetooth in the late 10th century (after 983 a.d.) in memory of his parents and the most notable artifact, a silver cup, has fueled major debates over its origins and decorative motifs. The Codex, whose origin is unknown, is decorated with gems and gold relief . Text "studio" to 31996 to get updates from the studio. cloisonné shoulder clasps a Viking ship. This is one of the so-called “Tiberius Group” of manuscripts with influence from the Italian style. The Jelling style is seen in multiple applications from the 9-10th century including horse collars, carts, brooches, strap ends, and of course the Jelling cup. A rise in illiteracy during the Early Middle Ages resulted in the need for art to convey complex narratives and symbolism . It also was the front-runner in using imagery to represent the Biblical narratives and thus allow illiterate worshippers the opportunity to learn the stories and symbols in their own fashion. From the seventh through ninth centuries, Celtic missionaries traveled to Britain and brought the Irish tradition of manuscript illumination, which came into contact with Anglo-Saxon metalworking. Celtic art has used a variety of styles and as shown influences from other cultures in knotwork, spirals, key patterns, lettering, and human figures. Witcombe Eye and Art in Ancient Greece: A Study in Archaeoaesthetics Harvey Miller, 2018: Print Publishing in Sixteenth-Century Rome: Growth and Expansion, Rivalry and Murder Art History Books by Christopher L.C.E. The style features ribbon-like animals with pronounced lip lappets intertwined (as opposed to the Mammen style which is contemporary yet typically features independent zoomorphic forms) and hands, paws, or claws gripping the animals or framework. Many of the oldest examples of Christian art survive in the Roman catacombs or burial crypts beneath the city. Apart from the formal aspects of classicism, there was a continuous tradition of realistic depiction that survived in Byzantine art of Eastern Europe throughout the period. The same dedication to royal patronage exists in the two periods and Charlemagne and his sons were highly influential in bringing this practice back to western Europe. The illustrations feature a broad range of colors, most often purple, lilac, red, pink, green, and yellow. Free shipping . These stones were likely painted and very colorful when first carved, creating a unique and notable monument in the landscape. The architectural character of Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical buildings range from influence from Celtic and Early Christian styles . Other major churches have been rebuilt, usually more than once. Among the most famous finds from Sutton Hoo are a helmet and an ornamental purse lid. It includes major art movements and periods, national and regional art, genres , and revivals. The inscription in gold in the frame translates to “Alfred ordered me made.” Whether or not this refers to the famous King Alfred is up for debate, however the skill in the construction of the piece can’t be questioned.’. John the Evangelist page from the Lindisfarne Gospels (c. 635 CE): As is common in early medieval art, the figures in this page appear flat and stylized. All surviving churches, except one timber church, are built of stone or brick, and in some cases show evidence of reused Roman work. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty , briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later eighth and early ninth century. However, a generally accepted scheme includes Early Christian art, Migration Period art, Byzantine art, Insular art , Carolingian art, Ottonian art, Romanesque art , and Gothic art, as well as many other periods within these central aesthetic styles. The Insular majuscule script of the text itself in the Book of Kells appears to be the work of at least three different scribes. Insular art is characterized by detailed geometric designs, interlace, and stylized animal decoration. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The Early Middle Ages began with the fall of the Roman Empire and ended in the early 11th century; its art encompasses vast and divergent forms of media. Medieval Indian art is characterized by natural motifs and the rich diversity of the Indian pantheon of deities. One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept , the “arms” of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave . Anglo-Saxon art emerged when the Anglo-Saxons migrated from the continent in the fifth century and ended in 1066 with the Norman Conquest. Call Number: N5970 .N44 2002. By the seventh century, Merovingian craftsmen were brought to England for their glass-making skills, and Merovingian stonemasons were used to build English churches, suggesting that the culture’s ornamental arts were highly regarded by neighboring peoples. When Patrick returned to Ireland in 433 AD, he set about to evangelize the _____. Many Merovingian churches no longer exist. The large inscribed stones at the site are 10th century funerary monuments with intricate inscribed patterns, imitated on the artifacts excavated from the associated graves. For instance, round disk brooches were preferred for the grandest Anglo-Saxon pieces, over continental styles of fibulae and Romano-British penannular brooches. Some art historians refer to it as Pre-Romanesque however it contains some Romanesque elements especially in some of the surviving architecture. Also visible is the textured stone work of the outer wall. Gold and precious stones. Where the primary difference lies is in the function of the art objects. Although outwardly similar to the Swedish examples, the Sutton Hoo helmet is a product of better craftsmanship. Tara Brooch, front view: Created in about 700 CE, the seven-inch long pseudo-penannular brooch is composed primarily of silver gilt and embellished with intricate abstract decoration including interlace on both the front and back. Early medieval art exists in many media. [The Herbert History of Art and A... by Hans Hollander Paperback. The Bravest of the Brave - Or, with Peterborough in Spain by George Alfred Henty. Early Christian art … Start studying Early Medieval Art I (Assignments, Practice, and Quiz). The era encompasses many artistic styles and periods, including early Christian and Byzantine, Anglo-Saxon and Viking, Insular, Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque, and Gothic. However, the surviving manuscripts are lavishly decorated in the Mozarabic, Romanesque, or Gothic style of illumination. The treasure contained 26 votive crowns and jeweled crosses. The Baptistery at Saint-Leonce of Fréjus, highlights the influence of Syrian technique on Merovingian architecture, evidenced by its octagonal shape and a covered cupola on pillars . Insular art is often characterized by detailed geometric designs, interlace, and stylized animal decorations in illuminated manuscripts. Other zoomorphic forms were used, however the boar may have represented strength, fertility, royalty, protection, and/or bravery. In the first millennium, a rich and distinctive artistic tradition emerged in Europe. Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church, usually at the west end of the building. Despite the wide range of media, the use of valuable and precious materials is a constant in medieval art. However, some small Merovingian structures remain, especially baptisteries, which were spared rebuilding in later centuries. In the first millennium, a rich and distinctive artistic tradition emerged in Europe. The Sutton Hoo brooches feature boars, however finds recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme also show the predominance of this animal. During this time, several different art styles emerged that would allow artists to rethink traditions and push forward with new styles. Early Medieval. The term is mostly used to refer to any decorated or illustrated manuscript from the Western tradition. “Celtic art” refers to the art of people who spoke Celtic languages in Europe and those with uncertain language but cultural and stylistic similarities with Celtic speakers. Beginning with the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the West in A.D. 800, John Beckwith guides us through the architecture, painting, sculpture, illuminations and ivories of the three great periods of early medieval art. Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. Medieval Europe had not yet suffered the traumas of industry, and medieval objects became a way to demonstrate that the capitalism of the early 20 … By the early eighth century, the Merovingian dynasty revived the basilica form of architecture. A feature of the basilica of Saint-Martin that became a hallmark of Frankish church architecture was the sarcophagus or reliquary of the saint, raised to be visible and sited axially behind the altar, sometimes in the apse. In the strict definition of the term, an illuminated manuscript indicates only those manuscripts decorated with gold or silver. The high number of dynastic systems allowed for a corresponding number of religious groups which is reflected in the art from this period. During the medieval period, the various secular arts were unified by the Christian church and the sacred arts associated with it. Anglo-Saxon art, which favored brightness and color, survives mostly in architecture and metalwork. Identify the major periods and styles into which European art of the Early Middle Ages is classified, and artistic elements common to all of them. The lettering is in iron gall ink with colors derived from a wide range of substances, many of which were imported from distant lands. Mozarabic art features a combination of (Hispano) Visigothic and Islamic art styles, as in the Beatus manuscripts, which combine Insular art illumination forms with Arabic-influenced geometric designs. Gold was also used to create sacred objects for churches and palaces, as a solid background for mosaics, and applied as gold leaf to miniatures in manuscripts and panel paintings. It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions—Vikings from the north, Hungarians from the east, and Saracens from the south. These precious objects still offer the ability to connect us with their makers, and inspire us to wonder about the artist’s trials, tribulations, and daily life. CC licensed content, Specific attribution, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen#/media/File:AachenChapelDB.svg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Aureus_Sankt_Emmeram.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2647377%20, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2432551%20, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages#Early_Middle_Ages, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex%20Aureus, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frejuscathedrale.jpg, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Baptistere_Saint_Sauveur_by_Malost.JPG/360px-Baptistere_Saint_Sauveur_by_Malost.JPG, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11295607, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:312_Poitiers_baptisterio.JPG, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian%20Art, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_reconstructed.jpg/451px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_reconstructed.jpg, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ireland_2010_etc_029_%282%29.jpg/450px-Ireland_2010_etc_029_%282%29.jpg, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sutton_hoo_%281%29.JPG/640px-Sutton_hoo_%281%29.JPG, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ahenny_High_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_475968.jpg/450px-Ahenny_High_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_475968.jpg, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/Reculver.jpg, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fobbing-detail.JPG/640px-Fobbing-detail.JPG, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ardagh_chalice.jpg, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardagh_Hoard, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo_Saxon_art, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic%20Art, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular%20Art, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beatus_map.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_Facundus_233vd%C3%A9t.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CodexAureusCanterburyFolios9v10r.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KellsFol027v4Evang.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Kells, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art%23Migration_Period_through_Christianization, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/illuminated%20manuscript. 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